Recently, there exists a discrepancy on the lithium ION de-intercalatION mechanism for LiCoPO4 ELECTRODE. In the present work, the study was focused upon exploring the origin of this discrepancy by studying the dependence of the impedance spectrum on the state of charge and the carbon content. For the pure LiCoPO4 ELECTRODE, the two plateaus in the charge curve are at 4.82 and 4.92 V. We have also studied the variatION of electrochemical impedance spectroscopies (EISs) with the state of charge. The EIS measurement has shown that the total interfacial resistance increases as the state of charge increases for the pure LiCoPO4 ELECTRODE. If higher content of sucrose was added in the precursor (this implies higher carbon content in the synthesized sample), only one potential plateau can be found in the charge curve. For this ELECTRODE, the total interfacial resistance decreases with the state of charge. Especially, the total interfacial resistance has a dramatic decrease when the state of charge increases from 20% to 40%. It is believed that the influence of carbon impurity on the variatION tendency of the EIS pattern may reflect the change of the fine structure. For the pure LiCoPO4 ELECTRODE, the intermediate phase is Li0.20~0.45 CoPO4.

IntroductION: Hydrogen fluoride is used in a wide range of industries such as glass making and silicon cleaning, manufacturing florescent lamps, ceramic objects, as catalyst for several different processes in the petroleum industry and in separatION uranium isotopes. While the corrosive nature of HF is well-known, it can also inflict disorder like eye, nose, throat and mucus membranes irritatION. The main purpose of this study was to determine HF in worker's breath and introducing an easy and cost effective method of HF analysis.Material and methods: Having employed NIOSH 7902 method, 22 air samples were obtained from worker's breathing zones and compared to standards.Air samples were also analyzed with both spectrophotometery (using zirconium eriochrome cyanine R) and ION SPECIFIC ELECTRODE method simultaneously. The results of analysis were then compared with each other.Results: The mean fluoride concentratION in air samples from worker's breathing zone by ION SPECIFIC ELECTRODE and spectrophotometery were 0.172 and 0.176 ppm. Comparing this to the standard level (3ppm), a significant difference was emerged (p<0.001). Mean of fluoride concentratION, obtained from both methods of analysis were not significantly different (p=0.55).Pearson correlatION test indicated a strong, positive and direct correlatION between results from both methods of analysis as well. (r=0.994, p<0.001)discussION: The results of this study showed that mean comparison of fluoride concentratION in air samples of worker's breathing zone is significantly less than standard level proposed by NIOSH (p<0.001). This confirms the fact that there are appropriate controlling measures present in the workplace. T paired comparison test displayed no significant between two methods of analysis, (p=0.55), which in other words shows no consistency between two applied methods.

Electrochemical energy storage systems are categorized into different types, according to their mechanisms, including capacitors, supercapacitors, batteries and fuel cells. All battery systems include some main components: anode, cathode, an aqueous/non-aqueous electrolyte and a membrane that separates anode and cathode while being permeable to IONs. Being one of the key parts of any new electronic device or electric vehicles, lithium ION batteries have gained great attentION in recent years. Lithium ION batteries store/ provide energy by insertION/extractION of lithium IONs in/from the structure of the ELECTRODE materials in successive charge/discharge cycles. The energy and power densities, determine the batteries performance. In order to improve the energy/power density and cyclic life of a lithium ION battery, its ELECTRODE materials and electrolyte must be properly chosen. Cathode materials store energy through intercalatION or conversION reactIONs, while the energy storage mechanism in anode materials are intercalatION, conversION reactIONs or alloying/dealloying. Depending on the ELECTRODE material, one or more of the aforementIONed mechanisms may take place which directly affect the battery performance. Each group of ELECTRODE materials have their own advantages and shortcomings; therefore, proper selectION of the ELECTRODE material is an important issue in applicability of a lithium ION battery. This review covers the principles of energy storage in lithium ION batteries, anode and cathode materials and the related mechanisms, recent advancements and finally the challenges associated with enhancement of lithium ION batteries.

A highly selective ELECTRODE for Bromide ION based on azapyrilium derivatives as an excellent IONophore is described .The sensor exhibits a good linear response with a slope of (60+1)mV per decade over the concentratION range of (1×10-3- 9×10-6M), and a detectION limit of (3×l0-6 M) of Bromide IONs .The ELECTRODE response is independent of pH in the range of (4.0-9.5). Selectivity coefficients determined by the matched potential method (MPM). Indicate that the interference from inorganic and organic anIONs is negligible. The proposed sensor shows a fast response time of approximately (20 s). It has been used as an indicator ELECTRODE in potentiometric titratION of Bromide with Ag+.

Lithium-ION batteries are the dominant energy storage tools for electric vehicles and portable devices. Their prospects depend on the development of new ELECTRODE materials. The ELECTRODE properties are highly affected by phenomena on the ELECTRODE’s surfaces. Besides experimental means, there are various simulatION ways to investigate these phenomena where experiments have difficulty analyzing. However, simulating some of these events is challenging for existing simulatION methods, and researchers are looking for new simulatION tools to fill this gap. Here, we focus on developing and evaluating a new method for studying the key surface phenomenon inside a battery ELECTRODE in nanoscale, i.e., adsorptION. In particular, we are interested in the adsorptION behavior of IONs on the surface of a nanosized ELECTRODE. We developed a general cellular automata model for studying the adsorptION behavior of various materials, where desorptION and intercalatION happen during an adsorptION process. The model results are compared with Freundlich isotherm and show a high resemblance. Also, an experiment concerning the lithium-ION adsorptION on Titania nanotube is modeled with our C.A. model. The model is highly time-efficient and exhibits spectacular performance for simulating relatively complex systems as the results are quite close to the experimental results. As this model is general, its local rules and parameters can be modified and calibrated easily with either experiment or simulatION, enabling one to study various sorptION behaviors.

In this study, a potentiometric sensor based on a pencil graphite ELECTRODE (PGE) coated with polypyrrole doped with Titan yellow dye (PPy/TY) was prepared for potentiometric determinatION of magnesium ION in aqueous solutIONs. The structural characteristics of magnesium sensor ELECTRODE (PGE/PPy/TYMg) were studied using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared along with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Under the optimal conditIONs, the ELECTRODE reveals a good Nernstian behavior with slope of 28.27±0.40 mV per decade over the concentratION range of 1.0´10-5-5.0´10-2 M and a detectION limit of 6.28´10-6 M. The potentiometric response of fabricated ELECTRODE toward magnesium ION was found to be independent of the pH of the test solutION in the pH range of 4.5-8.0. The ELECTRODE showed fast response time (<10 s) and good shelf lifetime (>2 months). The prepared magnesium sensor ELECTRODE can also be used as an indicator ELECTRODE in potentiometric titratION of Mg2+ with EDTA with distinguished end point. The ELECTRODE revealed good selectivity with respect to many catIONs including alkali, alkaline earth, transitION and heavy metal IONs. The introduced magnesium ELECTRODE was used for measurement of Mg2+ ION in real samples without any serious interferences from other IONs.

ION selective ELECTRODEs (ISE) based on sol– gel process usingtetraethoxysilane(TEOS), diethoxydimethylsilane(DEDMS) and oxalic acid as IONophore, was successfully developedfor detectION of Pb2+in aqueous solutION. The response of the ELECTRODE and also its characterizatION were estimated by different methods includingpotentiometry measurement, Fourier TransformInfrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the ELECTRODE response depends onIONophore concentratION. In these ION selective ELECTRODEs, 0. 5 wt. % oxalic acid gives the best sensitivity for Pb2+. The sol– gel ELECTRODEshows linear response with Nernstian slope of 28. 63 mV/decade toward lead IONover the concentratION range 6. 1×10– 6 to 1. 7×10– 2. Also, the ELECTRODEs shown detectION limits of 1. 0×10− 7 M. The response time of this ELECTRODE was obtained 15 sec. at linear dynamic range and lifetime of nearly 2 months. The ELECTRODEis suitable for use in aqueous solutIONs in a wide pH range of 4– 6. All the obtained results indicate that the proposed lead ION sensor ELECTRODE have good reproducibility, repeatability, stability, selectivity and a fast response time.